616 Fundamental

Optics: lens pattern

Functional Programming

Tutorial Video

Text description (accessibility)

This video demonstrates the "Optics: lens pattern" functional Rust example. Difficulty level: Fundamental. Key concepts covered: Functional Programming. Optics are composable data accessors originating from Haskell's lens library (Edward Kmett, 2012). Key difference from OCaml: 1. **HKT requirement**: Haskell's van Laarhoven encoding uses Functor/Applicative for optic unification requiring HKT; Rust uses explicit struct types per optic kind.

Tutorial

The Problem

Optics are composable data accessors originating from Haskell's lens library (Edward Kmett, 2012). They solve the deeply-nested update problem in immutable data: updating a field three levels deep requires rebuilding all intermediate values. Optics compose — a lens into a struct field composed with a prism for an enum variant gives a combined accessor that can get, set, and modify deeply nested optional values. The optic hierarchy includes Lens (exactly one focus), Prism (zero or one focus on enum variants), Traversal (zero or more foci), and Iso (lossless bidirectional conversion).

🎯 Learning Outcomes

• The specific optic demonstrated in this example and what it focuses on

• How to implement the optic manually using closures or structs in Rust

• How this optic composes with others in the hierarchy

• The laws the optic must satisfy for correct behavior

• Where optics are used: state management, config manipulation, nested data transformation

Code Example

#![allow(clippy::all)]
//! # Lens Pattern
//! Focus on a field within a struct.

#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct Address {
    pub city: String,
    pub zip: String,
}
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct User {
    pub name: String,
    pub addr: Address,
}

pub fn get_city(u: &User) -> &str {
    &u.addr.city
}
pub fn set_city(u: &User, city: String) -> User {
    User {
        addr: Address {
            city,
            ..u.addr.clone()
        },
        ..u.clone()
    }
}

pub fn modify_city(u: &User, f: impl Fn(&str) -> String) -> User {
    set_city(u, f(get_city(u)))
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    #[test]
    fn test_modify() {
        let u = User {
            name: "Bob".into(),
            addr: Address {
                city: "NYC".into(),
                zip: "10001".into(),
            },
        };
        let u2 = modify_city(&u, |c| c.to_lowercase());
        assert_eq!(u2.addr.city, "nyc");
    }
}

(* Lenses in OCaml — composable record accessors *)

type ('s,'a) lens = { get: 's -> 'a; set: 'a -> 's -> 's }

let ( |> ) x f = f x
let lens_compose l1 l2 = {
  get = (fun s -> l2.get (l1.get s));
  set = (fun a s -> l1.set (l2.set a (l1.get s)) s);
}

let over l f s = l.set (f (l.get s)) s

(* Domain *)
type coords = { lat: float; lon: float }
type location = { name: string; coords: coords }
type event = { title: string; location: location; attendees: int }

let title_l     = { get=(fun e->e.title);          set=(fun v e->{e with title=v}) }
let location_l  = { get=(fun e->e.location);       set=(fun v e->{e with location=v}) }
let coords_l    = { get=(fun l->l.coords);          set=(fun v l->{l with coords=v}) }
let lat_l       = { get=(fun c->c.lat);             set=(fun v c->{c with lat=v}) }
let attendees_l = { get=(fun e->e.attendees);       set=(fun v e->{e with attendees=v}) }

let event_lat = lens_compose (lens_compose location_l coords_l) lat_l

let () =
  let e = { title="Conf"; location={ name="Hall A"; coords={ lat=42.3;lon= -71.0 } }; attendees=100 } in
  Printf.printf "lat: %.1f\n" (event_lat.get e);
  let e2 = over event_lat (fun lat -> lat +. 1.0) e in
  Printf.printf "new lat: %.1f\n" (event_lat.get e2);
  let e3 = over attendees_l (fun n -> n*2) e in
  Printf.printf "attendees*2: %d\n" (attendees_l.get e3)

Key Differences

HKT requirement: Haskell's van Laarhoven encoding uses Functor/Applicative for optic unification requiring HKT; Rust uses explicit struct types per optic kind.

Operator syntax: Haskell uses ^., .~, %~ for terse optic use; Rust uses method calls, more verbose but explicit.

Derive macros: lens-rs and similar crates provide derive macros for automatic lens generation; OCaml uses ppx_lens for the same.

Performance: Boxed closure implementations have runtime overhead; monomorphized generic versions compile to zero-cost abstractions.

OCaml Approach

OCaml optics use the same record-with-function approach:

type ('s, 'a) lens = { get: 's -> 'a; set: 's -> 'a -> 's }
let name_lens = { get = (fun u -> u.name); set = (fun u n -> { u with name = n }) }
let compose l1 l2 = { get = (fun s -> l2.get (l1.get s)); set = (fun s a -> l1.set s (l2.set (l1.get s) a)) }

Full Source

#![allow(clippy::all)]
//! # Lens Pattern
//! Focus on a field within a struct.

#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct Address {
    pub city: String,
    pub zip: String,
}
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct User {
    pub name: String,
    pub addr: Address,
}

pub fn get_city(u: &User) -> &str {
    &u.addr.city
}
pub fn set_city(u: &User, city: String) -> User {
    User {
        addr: Address {
            city,
            ..u.addr.clone()
        },
        ..u.clone()
    }
}

pub fn modify_city(u: &User, f: impl Fn(&str) -> String) -> User {
    set_city(u, f(get_city(u)))
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    #[test]
    fn test_modify() {
        let u = User {
            name: "Bob".into(),
            addr: Address {
                city: "NYC".into(),
                zip: "10001".into(),
            },
        };
        let u2 = modify_city(&u, |c| c.to_lowercase());
        assert_eq!(u2.addr.city, "nyc");
    }
}

(* Lenses in OCaml — composable record accessors *)

type ('s,'a) lens = { get: 's -> 'a; set: 'a -> 's -> 's }

let ( |> ) x f = f x
let lens_compose l1 l2 = {
  get = (fun s -> l2.get (l1.get s));
  set = (fun a s -> l1.set (l2.set a (l1.get s)) s);
}

let over l f s = l.set (f (l.get s)) s

(* Domain *)
type coords = { lat: float; lon: float }
type location = { name: string; coords: coords }
type event = { title: string; location: location; attendees: int }

let title_l     = { get=(fun e->e.title);          set=(fun v e->{e with title=v}) }
let location_l  = { get=(fun e->e.location);       set=(fun v e->{e with location=v}) }
let coords_l    = { get=(fun l->l.coords);          set=(fun v l->{l with coords=v}) }
let lat_l       = { get=(fun c->c.lat);             set=(fun v c->{c with lat=v}) }
let attendees_l = { get=(fun e->e.attendees);       set=(fun v e->{e with attendees=v}) }

let event_lat = lens_compose (lens_compose location_l coords_l) lat_l

let () =
  let e = { title="Conf"; location={ name="Hall A"; coords={ lat=42.3;lon= -71.0 } }; attendees=100 } in
  Printf.printf "lat: %.1f\n" (event_lat.get e);
  let e2 = over event_lat (fun lat -> lat +. 1.0) e in
  Printf.printf "new lat: %.1f\n" (event_lat.get e2);
  let e3 = over attendees_l (fun n -> n*2) e in
  Printf.printf "attendees*2: %d\n" (attendees_l.get e3)

✓ Tests Rust test suite

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    #[test]
    fn test_modify() {
        let u = User {
            name: "Bob".into(),
            addr: Address {
                city: "NYC".into(),
                zip: "10001".into(),
            },
        };
        let u2 = modify_city(&u, |c| c.to_lowercase());
        assert_eq!(u2.addr.city, "nyc");
    }
}

Deep Comparison

Lens

Get/set a field immutably

Exercises

Lens laws: Write tests for all three lens laws: get-set (get after set returns set value), set-get (set to current value is identity), set-set (second set wins).

Prism laws: Write tests for prism laws: preview after review returns Some, set via review then preview round-trips.

Compose two levels: Create a lens for a struct field and a prism for an enum variant in that field — compose them and modify the inner value when the variant is present.

Open Source Repos

functional-rust

View the source for this example on GitHub — OCaml and Rust side by side in the repo.

Rust